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Authors
Choi, Yewon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0988-758X
Cho, Sungmin https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1784-8685
Gu, Changdai https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2987-7220
Kim, Chungho https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8508-7084
Park, Bomi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5834-9975
Kim, Hwiyoung https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7778-8973
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Health and Welfare (HA23C0083)
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (RS-2025-02220286)
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Article History
Received: 23 September 2025
Accepted: 15 December 2025
First Online: 17 January 2026
Declarations
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: The Institutional Review Board of Chung-Ang University waived the requirement for both ethical approval and informed consent for this study, as it is a retrospective study that used anonymized data in accordance with the Bioethics and Safety Act (1041078–202112-HR-336–01). The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
