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Article History

Received: 22 August 2025

Accepted: 22 December 2025

First Online: 31 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran (approval code: IR.YUMS.REC.1402.152). The analysis was retrospective and based on secondary use of anonymized data from the PERSIAN Dena Cohort , which enrolled adults aged 35–70 years with complete demographic, anthropometric, clinical, and lifestyle information related to type 2 diabetes mellitus. All participants in the original PERSIAN Cohort provided written informed consent for use of their data in future health research. No direct participant contact occurred in this study, and all records were de-identified prior to analysis to ensure confidentiality and compliance with international ethical standards.

: Not applicable. The study used anonymized secondary data with no identifiable personal information.

: The authors declare no competing interests.