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Authors
Wang, Qian
Liu, Jun
Zhu, Min
Ye, Hong-ying
Shang, Yan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Community Medicine and Health Management in Shanghai
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Article History
Received: 5 July 2025
Accepted: 20 January 2026
First Online: 6 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study is a secondary analysis of publicly available, de-identified data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The original NHANES protocols were approved by the NCHS Research Ethics Review Board, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants in the primary survey. In accordance with journal policy and local regulations, no additional institutional review board approval was required for the secondary analysis of these de-identified data.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
