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Authors
Hasheminasab, Seyed Alireza
Jamil, Faisal
Afzal, Muhammad Usman
Khan, Ali Haider
Ilyas, Sehrish
Noor, Ali
Touseef, Awais
Abbas, Salma
Cheema, Hajira Nisar
Shabbir, Muhammad Usman
Hameed, Iqra
Ayub, Maleeha
Masood, Hamayal
Jafar, Amina
Khan, Amir Mukhtar
Nazir, Muhammad Abid
Jamil, Muhammad Asaad
Sultan, Faisal
Khalid, Sara https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2845-5731
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-062576)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-062576)
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Article History
Received: 26 May 2025
Accepted: 29 January 2026
First Online: 25 February 2026
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Institutional Review and Ethics Board (IRB) of Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH&RC) and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. The ethics review number is EX-17-07-23-01. This study involved the secondary use of data from an existing electronic health records database. No direct human participation was required. The Institutional Review Board of SKMCH&RC approved the protocol for secondary use of this de-identified data. Therefore, the requirement for individual informed consent to participate was waived by the Institutional Review and Ethics Board of Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH&RC).
: Not applicable. This study did not involve the use of any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos), and the need for consent for publication was waived by the Institutional Review Board of SKMCH&RC.
: Sara Khalid receives funding from the Wellcome Trust and the Gates Foundation outside of this work. All other authors declare no competing interests.
