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Article History

Received: 29 November 2025

Accepted: 9 February 2026

First Online: 16 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical review and approval for all participating sites were obtained through their respective Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) or Research Ethics Boards (REBs), as stipulated in the ADNI study protocol. The ADNI protocols document the ethical approval requirements and are publicly available through the ADNI database ( ). The local ethics committee of Shanxi Medical University approved the study. The ethics approval number is 2022GLL079.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.