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Authors
Han, Changho
You, Seng Chan
Lee, Hyung-Chul
Park, Jin Young
Lim, Hong-Seok
Park, ChulHyoung
Pak, Hui-Nam
Kwon, Oh-Seok
Kim, Songsoo
Kim, Jung-Sun
Yoon, Dukyong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Korea Health Industry Development Institute (MD-Phd/Medical Scientist Training Program)
Korea Medical Device Development Fund (RS-2022-00141473)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2023-00276320)
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Article History
Received: 25 August 2025
Accepted: 13 February 2026
First Online: 21 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The Institutional Review Boards (IRB) of SH, YSH and AUMC approved this study and waived the requirement for informed consent because only anonymized data were used retrospectively (IRB no. 4-2022-1299 and 4-2022-1506 [SH], 9-2024-0032 [YSH], AJOUIRB-DB-2024-207 [AUMC]). The UKB obtained Research Tissue Bank (RTB) approval (21/NW/0157) from the North West Multi-centre Research Ethics Committee, which covers ethical clearance, and all participants provided informed consent.
: Not applicable.
: JSK reports being a chief executive officer of CPEC inc; and grants from Samjin, Yuhan, Daiichi Sankyo, Biosensors, DIO medical, Qualitech Korea has received consultant fees from Abbott Vascular, Philips and Genoss. SCY reports being a chief executive officer of PHI Digital Healthcare; and grants from Daiichi Sankyo. He is a coinventor of granted Korea Patent DP-2023-1223 and DP-2023-0920, and pending Patent Applications DP-2024-0909, DP-2024-0908, DP-2022-1658, DP-2022-1478, and DP-2022-1365, unrelated to current work. All other authors declare no competing interests.
