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Authors
Zhang, Lei
Li, Chuanxiong
Zhou, Houjun
Jiang, Guoliang
Sun, Tong
Ruan, Qianwen
Pan, Lei
Wang, Binyang
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Article History
Received: 16 October 2025
Accepted: 18 February 2026
First Online: 27 February 2026
Declarations
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: The study was performed according to the guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration. The use of the eICU-CRD and MIMIC-IV databases was approved by the review committee of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. MIMIC-IV and eICU-CRD database are publicly available, therefore, the ethical approval statement and the requirement for informed consent were waived for this study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
