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Article History

Received: 19 November 2025

Accepted: 23 February 2026

First Online: 10 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed by The Ohio State University Institutional Review Board (protocol #2023E1252) and determined to be exempt from full review as minimal-risk educational research. Student identifiers in the recording metadata were removed prior to analysis. Per the IRB’s exemption determination, informed consent was not required. The research complied with institutional ethical standards and the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable. No human study involving identifiable data was conducted.

: ChatGPT (GPT-5) was used to assist with editing and language refinement. The authors take responsibility for the integrity and accuracy of all content.

: The first author had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

: The authors declare no competing interests.