Liu, Yujia
Cong, Chao
Cheng, Dongsheng
Article History
Received: 16 June 2025
Accepted: 26 February 2026
First Online: 2 March 2026
Declarations
:
: This study utilized de-identified data from the MIMIC-IV database. Ethical approval for the MIMIC-IV project was granted by the Institutional Review Boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. The requirement for individual informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of anonymized data. All data access and usage complied with the database’s protocols.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.