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Authors
Hsu, Su-Han
Chiang, Cheng-Hsuan
Lin, Chia-Hui
Huang, Shih-Horng
Keller, Joseph Jordan
Wang, Li-Hsuan
Tang, Kung-Pei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Taipei Medical University Hospital (112TMUH-P-05)
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Article History
Received: 29 November 2025
Accepted: 5 March 2026
First Online: 11 March 2026
Declarations
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: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Joint Institutional Review Board of Taipei Medical University (TMU-JIRB No.: N202101079). The ethics committee approved the use of verbal informed consent because the study involved minimal risk and no personally identifiable information was collected, which was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. The verbal consent procedure was conducted by trained research staff following the JIRB-approved script and protocol. All procedures followed the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
