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Article History

Received: 7 October 2025

Accepted: 5 March 2026

First Online: 17 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH) (Approval No. H-2011-078-1172 and E-2508-127-1668). The requirement for informed consent was waived by the IRB of SNUH owing to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of anonymized registry data. According to the IRB requirement, authors did not have access to information that could identify individual participants during or after data collection. Procedures were followed in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (COMIRB) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975.

: Not applicable.

: Hyung-chul Lee reports financial support was provided by Korea Health Industry Development Institute. Hee-Soo Kim, Chul-Woo Jung, Hyun-Lim Yang, and Hyung-Chul Lee has patent #10-2447962 issued to Korean Intellectual Property Office. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.