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Article History

Received: 9 September 2023

Accepted: 16 March 2026

First Online: 27 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study utilized the MIMIC-IV database, a publicly available database encompassing a substantial amount of information pertaining to patients in intensive care units. The database has received approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) and all data contained therein have undergone de-identification processes to safeguard the privacy and confidentiality of the patients involved. We have adhered strictly to all applicable ethical guidelines and legal regulations to ensure the protection of the rights and well-being of the subjects during the research process. We have obtained the necessary permissions to use the MIMIC-IV database and guarantee that all data are utilized in a secure and lawful manner. We pledge that the objective of our research is to foster advancements in medicine and science, not for any commercial or unlawful purposes. We also commit to using and storing this data responsibly, ensuring it will not be employed in any manner that could potentially harm the subjects.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.