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Authors
Peng, Qingyun
Guo, Yanzi
Tang, Haoyuan
Liu, Shuai
Huang, Wei
Chen, Xinlong
Zhong, Shijia
Zhao, Zeyuan
Wang, Haofei
Hu, Wenhan
Yang, Shuhe
Xie, Jianfeng
Xue, Ming
Qian, Shuyuan
Wu, Xiaojing
Huang, Yingzi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (824B2062)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82572516)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82472201)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFC2304604)
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Article History
Received: 20 December 2025
Accepted: 30 March 2026
First Online: 14 April 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was waived for MIMIC-IV and eICU analyses as it contains publicly available anonymized data. For the Zhongda Hospital sepsis database, approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board of Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University (Approval No. 2025ZDSYLL253-P01), with informed consent waived due to the retrospective observational design.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
