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Article History

Received: 17 December 2025

Accepted: 30 March 2026

First Online: 7 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Approval of all aspects of data collection for the Winnipeg Acute TBI Database has been granted by the University of Manitoba Health Research Ethics Board (H2017:181, H2017:188), the Shared Health Services Manitoba Research Impact Committee, and the Patient Privacy Offices of Manitoba (RI2017:078 and RI2017:076). Given that all data is thoroughly de-identified and cannot be traced back to individual patients, data collection has been authorized to proceed under a waived consent model. Retrospective access of the database for analytic purposes has also been approved by the local ethics board (H2024:266; SH2024-140).

: Not applicable.

: F.A.Z., L.F. and K.Y.S. are inventors of the algorithm described in this work and are listed on U.S. provisional patent filings 63/823,284 (filed June 13, 2025) and 63/913,379 (filed November 7, 2025). The algorithm is also registered as a software copyright with the Canadian Intellectual Property Office (Registration No. 1231355). Elements of the content presented in this manuscript are included within these filed patent claims and copyright registration.F.A.Z. currently has NSERC Alliance Advantage grant (ALLRP-597708-24) support in partnership with Medtronic’s Acute Care & Monitoring Division (ERP-2024-14025) for work that is unrelated to this manuscript. Funding from the partner organization is provided to match NSERC governmental funding only, in keeping with NSERC policies. Medtronic does not direct the research objectives, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or publication of the findings in any way. All other authors assert that they have no conflicts of interest to disclose regarding this work, confirming the absence of any financial interests, affiliations, or personal relationships that may have influenced or biased this research.