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Article History

Received: 18 February 2026

Accepted: 21 April 2026

First Online: 7 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involved a secondary retrospective analysis of fully de-identified and anonymized EEG data originally collected as part of routine clinical practice. Prior to analysis, all personal identifiers — including names, medical record numbers, and any demographic information that could lead to re-identification — were irrevocably removed from the dataset. No identifiable personal information was accessed by the research team at any stage. In accordance with Item (2) of Article 32 of the Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Humans (Guo Wei Ke Jiao Fa [2023] No. 4), issued by the National Health Commission of China, ethical review is exempted for research that uses anonymized information data, does not cause harm to the human body, does not involve sensitive personal information, and does not involve commercial interests. As this study fully meets these criteria, formal ethics committee approval was neither required nor sought. Accordingly, the requirement for informed consent from participants was also waived in compliance with the aforementioned national regulation. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.