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Article History

Received: 24 February 2026

Accepted: 21 May 2026

First Online: 12 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted as part of the research project “Development of an LLM-based Named Entity Recognition (NER) tool and a standardization support tool for using multicenter clinical free text.” Since this study primarily focused on the development of a quality assurance framework and utilized mapping tables without human participants or identifiable personal information, institutional review board (IRB) approval was not required for the study itself. However, IRB approval or exemption was obtained from each participating institution for administrative and project management purposes as follows: Ewha Womans University Medical Center (EUMC IRB 2025-02-016), DongSan Medical Center (DSMC IRB 2025-01-006), Korea University Medical Center Anam (KUMC IRB 2025AN0239), Guro (KUMC IRB 2025GR0222), and Ansan (KUMC IRB 2025AS0122). This study complied with all institutional policies, the Korean Bioethics and Safety Act [ ], and the Declaration of Helsinki [ ]. Informed consent was waived due to the nature of the study.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.