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Authors
Li, Jiatong
Liu, Runjia
Shi, Enshuo
Han, Zhuorui
Luo, Juncheng
Wen, Mingtao
Liu, Jinbao
Guan, Huapeng
Li, Nianhu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Department Co-built Science and Technology Project (GZY-KJS-SD-2023-042)
Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2023LZY012)
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Article History
Received: 14 January 2026
Accepted: 25 May 2026
First Online: 3 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This retrospective study utilized data from the CHARLS database. All patient data were de-identified prior to analysis. Therefore, obtaining additional informed consent was not required, and no ethical conflicts are present. The original CHARLS survey received ethical approval from the Ethics Review Board of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015), and all participants provided written informed consent at the time of enrollment. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Publishing consent: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
