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Article History

Received: 7 May 2026

Accepted: 24 June 2026

First Online: 1 July 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was obtained from the Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Institutional Review Board (IRB approval number: IR.KUMS.REC.1403.452, approved December 2023). As this was a retrospective analysis of existing radiographs, the requirement for individual informed consent was waived by the IRB. All images were collected from three imaging centers (Mehr, Taba, and Aban) in Kermanshah, Iran, which provided de-identified images under data sharing agreements. Patient privacy was protected through rigorous de-identification procedures as described in Section “Dataset”. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and complied with local data protection regulations.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.