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Authors
Liu, Chunxiang
Zhang, Guolong
Feng, Yehan
Wang, Fang
Chen, Yiling
Liu, Yongda
Sun, Hongling
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Article History
Received: 6 February 2026
Accepted: 5 August 2026
First Online: 10 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study, involving human participants, was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee (Institutional Review Board) of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Approval No.: ES-2023–082-01). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. As the research was designed as a fully retrospective investigation using exclusively anonymized data extracted from the electronic medical record system, the need to obtain written informed consent from participants or their legal guardians was waived by the aforementioned Ethics Committee (IRB). This waiver is in accordance with both the committee’s specific guidelines and relevant national regulations governing retrospective medical research in China.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
