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Article History

Received: 16 March 2023

Accepted: 6 May 2024

First Online: 17 May 2024

Declarations

:

: This study utilized hospital data disclosed on the websites of the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service. All the study procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. This study did not include human participants, human material, or human data. Since this study was not deemed human-subject research, this study was approved that ethical review requirement and informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Hospita l(No. 2021–007).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that may have influenced the work reported in this study.