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Article History

Received: 8 August 2024

Accepted: 4 November 2024

First Online: 12 November 2024

Declarations

:

: This study adhered to the ethical guidelines outlined in the Helsinki Declaration and the standards of the institution and national research committee. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Xiangya Nursing School of Central South University (No. E2023146) prior to data collection. Informed consent was required on the first page of the survey. Respondents formally participated in the survey by selecting the option “Informed and agreed to participate voluntarily in the survey.” Completing the set of self-report questionnaires was considered an expression of consent to participate in the study. The survey did not collect names or other identifying information from the respondents, and all data were anonymous and confidential. Informed consent was obtained from all participants in the study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The authors have checked to make sure that the submission conforms as applicable to the Journal’s statistical guidelines described here. There is a statistician on the author team (Yamin Li). The authors affirm that the methods used in the data analyses are suitably applied to our data within their study design and context, and the statistical findings have been implemented and interpreted correctly. The authors agree to take responsibility for ensuring that the choice of statistical approach is appropriate and is conducted and interpreted correctly as a condition to submit to the Journal.