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Article History

Received: 23 October 2024

Accepted: 1 March 2025

First Online: 6 March 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the University of Northampton’s Research Ethical Approval System (reference ID: 00184). Ethical approval from the Health Research Authority (HRA) was waived, as the study did not involve patients, minors, or clinical trials or pose any risks to participants, in alignment with UK national regulations. However, approval was granted by the Research & Development Unit of the hospitals involved in the study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Informed consent to participate was obtained from all participants prior to their enrolment in this study. Participant information sheets and consent forms were provided in advance via email. These documents were then reviewed and verbally confirmed at the start of each observation episode and interview recording.