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Article History

Received: 4 June 2024

Accepted: 20 March 2025

First Online: 1 April 2025

Declarations

:

: Approval to conduct this study was sought from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Arab American University (AAUP) under the code number 2023/A/114/N. The researcher obtained permission from the MOH and administrations of private hospitals to distribute the questionnaires to the nurses. Moreover, permission to use the Arabic version of HSOPSC 2.0 was obtained from the SPSC and the AHRQ. Furthermore, the researcher obtained permission to use the Arabic version of the NSS from Alhajjar’s supervisor at Manchester University in the UK. The questionnaires were distributed with a cover page containing the study objectives and expected outcomes. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki []. All participants provided informed consent, were fully informed of the study’s purpose, and were assured of their right to withdraw at any time, ensuring autonomy and beneficence. Their input remained anonymous, and confidentiality was safeguarded. Participants were provided with an information sheet addressing potential queries. Confidentiality was strictly maintained, aligning with ethical principles of nonmaleficence. Additionally, the participants voluntarily participated without compensation. The participants in the study were not exposed to any dangerous behaviors that might have affected their health or well-being (nonmaleficence). Furthermore, to ensure participant anonymity, the researcher assigned numerical codes for the completed questionnaires to protect their information and prevent tracing.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.