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Article History

Received: 26 September 2024

Accepted: 16 May 2025

First Online: 2 June 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of National Yang-Ming University (YM108004E) and the Research Ethics Committee of Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation (IRB 108-94-B). This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Nurses willing to participate provided signed informed consent before data collection. Participants were assured that all responses would remain confidential and that data would be analyzed anonymously.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.