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Article History

Received: 8 January 2025

Accepted: 19 May 2025

First Online: 4 June 2025

Declarations

:

: The research project underwent ethical review and received approval from the Research Ethics Committee of St. Paul University Manila (NO. 2023-071-IDA-CNAHS) and authorized for conduct by Hubei Polytechnic University. The study fully adheres to the ethical principles outlined in the Helsinki Declaration. Participants were provided with clear explanations of the study’s objectives and procedures. The study’s design ensured that participation had no impact on students’ academic performance or relationships with teachers. To prevent any potential coercion, invitations to participate were distributed through anonymous surveys, rather than through direct teachers.Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, who were informed that participation was entirely voluntary, and they could withdraw or decline participation at any time without any consequences. To protect privacy, participants’ responses were kept anonymous, with no personal identifiers used in the presentation of results. Confidentiality was strictly maintained throughout the study. Data were anonymized during collection and analysis, and responses were linked to unique identifiers rather than names. All data were securely stored in a password-protected electronic database accessible only to the research team. Data collection was conducted by a research assistant to ensure that teachers remained unaware of which students participated in the study, further ensuring confidentiality and preventing any undue influence.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.