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Article History

Received: 29 November 2024

Accepted: 23 May 2025

First Online: 3 June 2025

Declarations

:

: This study received ethical approval from the Erzurum Technical University Scientific Research and Publication Board on 17.11.2022 (Decision No: 08). Additionally, institutional permission to conduct the study was granted by the relevant authority with official letter number E-42190979-000-2300085279. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Before data collection, all participants were informed both verbally and in writing about the study’s purpose, procedures, and their rights, including the right to voluntary participation and withdrawal at any time without any consequences. Informed consent was obtained from all participants through recorded verbal agreement. Written consent was not collected, as verbal consent was considered ethically appropriate and was approved by the aforementioned ethics committee. No personally identifiable information was recorded. All data were anonymized and stored securely in password-protected files, accessible only to the research team, and hard copies were kept in a locked cabinet.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not include identifying images or personal or clinical details of participants that compromise anonymity.

: The authors declare no competing interests.