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Article History

Received: 5 March 2025

Accepted: 26 May 2025

First Online: 31 May 2025

Declarations

:

: This study employed a quasi-experimental design, which does not involve clinical interventions requiring registration as a clinical trial. Therefore, a clinical trial registration number is not applicable. Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Research Ethics Committee at the Arab American University (Reference No. 2023/A/151/N). Based on this approval, permission to conduct the study was also obtained from An-Najah National University in alignment with its internal policies. The study adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participants were clearly informed about the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of their participation, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Confidentiality and anonymity were rigorously maintained throughout data collection, analysis, and reporting processes.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.