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Authors
Deng, Xiulan
Han, Jiayang
Yin, Linlin
Pang, Yongzhi
Han, Qingbin
Zhao, Lu
Liu, Wenlei
Li, Qing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81802709)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Nos. ZR2023MH230, ZR2023MH096)
Shandong Provincial Postdoctoral Innovative Talents Funded Scheme
Plan of Young Scholars of Shandong University
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Article History
Received: 12 February 2025
Accepted: 5 June 2025
First Online: 1 July 2025
Declarations
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: This study adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the ethics committees of participating hospitals (Approval No.: 20210137). All participants provided written informed consent, and questionnaires were completed anonymously to ensure privacy and confidentiality. Clinical trial number: not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
