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Article History

Received: 27 December 2024

Accepted: 6 June 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the College Human Ethics Advisory Network (CHEAN) of the School of Health and Biomedical Sciences at RMIT University and from the Central Institutional Review Board (CIRB) at the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of these institutional review boards and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before participation in the study. All procedures involving human participants were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Written informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion.

: Not applicable.

: The Disaster Drills Effectiveness Questionnaire (DDEQ) was specifically developed for this study to assess the knowledge, skills, and preparedness of emergency nurses in disaster response. It is a novel tool designed and validated through a rigorous multi-phase process, including expert input, content validation, and psychometric testing. Since the DDEQ has not been published previously, an English-language version of the questionnaire is provided as a supplementary file.

: The authors declare no competing interests.