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Article History

Received: 26 April 2025

Accepted: 12 June 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Declarations

: All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

: This study was reviewed by the Ethics Committee of Hangzhou Linping District Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital (Approval No. 2025-L-011), which waived the ethics approval. This study involved an anonymous, non-interventional online questionnaire and did not collect any identifiable personal or clinical data. The waiver was granted in accordance with national ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human participants in China, which stipulate that non-invasive, anonymized survey-based research that does not involve sensitive personal information or clinical interventions may be exempt from formal ethical review. We explained the purpose of the study to the participants before distributing the questionnaire. In addition, we ensured that participants were voluntary and anonymous and allowed participants to opt out at any time. We stored the data securely, and only research team members could access, store, and process the data. Participants provided informed consent prior to taking part in the study. This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.