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Article History

Received: 9 May 2025

Accepted: 14 July 2025

First Online: 18 July 2025

Declarations

:

: This study received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan Branch (Approval Code: IR.IAU.KHUISF.REC.1403.371). Following this approval and permission from relevant authorities, the researchers recruited participants from public hospitals in Isfahan Province. Nurses who voluntarily agreed to participate were provided with comprehensive information about the study’s aims, procedures, and their rights, including the right to withdraw at any stage without any consequences. Participation was entirely voluntary, and all participants signed an electronic informed consent form before completing the survey. Confidentiality, anonymity, and data protection were ensured throughout the research. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.