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Article History

Received: 1 June 2025

Accepted: 29 July 2025

First Online: 27 August 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University (Approval No. 2023-SR-942). All procedures strictly complied with the Declaration of Helsinki to protect participants’ rights, privacy, and welfare. Informed consent was obtained from every participant after comprehensive disclosure of the study purpose, procedures, potential risks/benefits, and the voluntary nature of participation with explicit emphasis on their unconditional right to withdraw at any time without repercussions to employment or professional standing. To ensure data confidentiality, all personally identifiable information was permanently deleted during initial processing, with collected data anonymized through unique coding identifiers. These anonymized datasets were stored on password accessible exclusively to the research team. These protocols rigorously implemented international ethical standards for human subject research, particularly safeguarding informed consent autonomy and data security.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.