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Article History

Received: 29 April 2025

Accepted: 4 August 2025

First Online: 18 August 2025

Declarations

:

: After approval by the Institute Review Board, Central South University’s Xiangya School of Nursing obtained ethical clearance, followed by clearance from the National Institute of Medical Research of Tanzania. Permission to commence the study was also obtained from each selected hospital, with additional consent from the nurse in charge of the selected wards. This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and was conducted following ethical principles, including harmlessness, voluntary participation, anonymity, and protection of privacy and personal information. Written informed consent was obtained from the nurses before administering the questionnaire. Respondents were adequately informed and assured of confidentiality and anonymity throughout the study. They were also told that the data collection would be conducted individually to ensure their privacy. All respondents gave consent to participate in this study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.