Document is current

Article History

Received: 14 June 2025

Accepted: 25 August 2025

First Online: 2 September 2025

Declarations

:

: All procedures conducted in this study complied with the ethical principles established in the Declaration of Helsinki (revised October 2008), ensuring the protection, dignity, and rights of all human participants. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt (Serial Number: AU-20-8-394, IRB00013620). Prior to initiating data collection, formal authorization was secured from the administrative authorities of the participating hospital to facilitate access and data gathering. The researchers provided all potential participants with a comprehensive explanation of the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, confirming their voluntary participation. Confidentiality and anonymity were rigorously upheld throughout the research process; no identifying information was collected or disclosed. The participants were explicitly informed of their right to decline participation or withdraw from the study at any stage without any negative consequences or loss of benefits. This ethical framework ensured respect for individual autonomy and safeguarded participants’ well-being at every step of the study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.