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Authors
Ramadan, Osama Mohamed Elsayed https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9616-8590
Elsharkawy, Nadia Bassuoni
Hafiz, Alaa Hussain
Katooa, Nouran Essam
Abunar, Areej
Attallah, Dena Marwan A.
Dewan, Mashael
Alruwaili, Majed Mowanes
Alruwaili, Abeer Nuwayfi
Alshammari, Afrah Madyan
Alsadaan, Nourah
Abdelaziz, Enas Mahrous
Abo-Seif, Lareen Magdi El-Sayed
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
This work was funded by the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at Jouf University under grant No. ((DGSSR-2025-01-01140).)
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Article History
Received: 30 July 2025
Accepted: 1 September 2025
First Online: 26 September 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and the International Conference on Harmonization’s Good Clinical Practice guidelines. Ethical clearance was granted by the Jouf University Institutional Review Board (IRB No. 7594) and by the local research ethics committees at each participating facility within the Al-Jouf Health Cluster.
: Informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants after they received an electronic information sheet detailing the study’s purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and data-security measures. Participants were free to decline or withdraw at any time without affecting their employment or professional standing.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
