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Article History

Received: 9 January 2025

Accepted: 4 September 2025

First Online: 7 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hong Kong Baptist University, where the second author worked from Nov 2020 to Jun 2023 (REC/20–21/0527) and the Human Research Ethics Committee of The Education University of Hong Kong, where the second author is currently working at (Ref. E2023-2024-0055). Informed e-consent in simplified Chinese was obtained from all participants, explicitly stating voluntary participation, the right to withdraw, and data confidentiality. All the parts of the research adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki in this respect in the ‘Ethics approval and consent to participate’ section or appropriate national guidelines. The approval letter and consent forms are available for review to meet journal transparency and documentation standards.

: Not applicable.

: During the preparation of this work, the authors used Grammarly and Kimi to provide suggestions to improve the writing. After using these tools, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and took full responsibility for the content of the published article.

: The authors declare no competing interests.