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Authors
Wu, Liping
Lu, Ying
Gong, Rujie
Yan, Bin
Wang, Xiaoning
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine: Nursing Development Program (SJTUHLXK2023)
Nursing Research Project of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (JYH2210)
Nursing Research Fund of Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (RJHK-2022-02)
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Article History
Received: 12 June 2025
Accepted: 12 September 2025
First Online: 14 October 2025
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Decision No. 2022258). The study was performed in accordance with the ethical guidelines, protocol, and regulations stated in the Declaration of Helsinki. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
