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Article History

Received: 7 April 2025

Accepted: 22 September 2025

First Online: 17 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted after obtaining ethical approvals and institutional permissions from the Gazi University Ethics Committee (Date/Number: 07.) and the Ethics Commission of Ankara Bilkent City Hospital (Date/Number: 09.12.2022/E-90739949-799-2799). The purpose and content of this study were explained to all participants and written informed consent was obtained. Written informed consent was also obtained from the standardised patient in the study. In addition all participants were given a written consent form stating that video recordings would be made during the simulation practice, that the video recordings would be used for the evaluation of simulation performances and for providing feedback during debriefing sessions, that the recordings would only be shared with researchers, and that they would not be shared with third parties without the participants’ consent. All procedures were performed in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.

: Written permission was obtained to share descriptive images of the participants and the standardised patient in the study. Necessary technical arrangements were made on the Fig.  to ensure the anonymity of participants and to protect the privacy of personal data.

: The authors declare no competing interests.