Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Jepkosgei, Joyline
Gathara, David
Mbuthia, Daniel
Wanyama, Conrad
Aluvaala, Jalemba
English, Mike
Nzinga, Jacinta
-
Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (using the UK’s Official Development Assistance (ODA) Funding) and Wellcome under the NIHR-Wellcome Partnership for Global Health Research (218338/Z/19/Z)
Wellcome Trust Senior Clinical Research Fellowship awarded to Professor Mike English (207522)
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 11 July 2024
Accepted: 26 September 2025
First Online: 27 October 2025
Declarations
:
: Ethical review and approval were granted by the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Scientific and Ethics Review Unit (KEMRI/SERU/CGMR-C/122/3649) and the National Commission for Science, Technology, and Innovation (NACOSTI), Kenya. All study procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki [ ], the Belmont Report principles of Respect for Persons, Beneficence, and Justice [ ], and relevant national guidelines and regulations. The ethics review committee approved the use of both written (for the interviews & structured questionnaire-based survey) and verbal (for the observations) informed consent in this study. Therefore, written informed consent was sought from all study participants before interviews. All interview participants provided consent to participate in the study. Informed consent forms were also provided to the survey participants and were signed and returned with the questionnaire by participants who participated in the survey. For the observations of nursing handover sessions, information sheets were provided, and the study was explained to nursing teams during the end of the shift, following which verbal consent was sought to allow JJ to participate in nursing handover sessions. This allowed for a continued consent process, which involved a brief reintroduction of the study at every change of nursing shift and seeking consent to participate; as such, participants had an opportunity to express discomfort (if any) with being observed. The verbal consent was documented as part of the field notes. For the Co-design workshops, study-related information and activities were explained to all participants at the beginning of each workshop and verbal consent was gained to use meeting notes and workshop proceedings to describe the Co-design process and its outcomes. All methods were carried out as per relevant guidelines and regulations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
