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Authors
Qian, Kai
Jia, Hongfei
Yang, Haiyan
Zhu, Ling
Li, Qianping
Shi, Tianyue
Xu, Ye
Ding, Yaping
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Research Project of Higher Education and Teaching Reform in Jiangsu Province (No.2023JSJG401)
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Article History
Received: 13 February 2025
Accepted: 15 October 2025
First Online: 6 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study complies with the basic guidelines of the ‘Helsinki Declaration’. Informed consent was obtained from the study participants. The content and purpose related to the study were within the norms of informed consent. The study was conducted using anonymized informative data. To ensure participants’ privacy and confidentiality, all data were stored in password-protected computers accessible only to the research team and data were used solely for research purposes. The study plan was ethically reviewed and approved by the relevant Research Ethics Committee of Nanjing Medical University (NO.2023(58)).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
