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Article History

Received: 2 July 2025

Accepted: 18 October 2025

First Online: 17 November 2025

Declarations

:

: In accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, confidentiality and anonymity were guaranteed in this study. All participants signed an informed consent form before starting the questionnaire. The Ethics Committee of Shandong University School of Public Health reviewed and approved the study (approval number: 20181219).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.