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Authors
Ni, Weiwei
Zhu, Shichao
Yu, Xiaomei
Ma, Yulei
Jiao, Xinwei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Henan Medical Science and Technology Research Jointly Constructed Project (LHGJ20230037)
Hospital-Level Nursing Education Reform and Research Project of the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University (2024HLB002)
Doctoral Startup Fund of the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University (2024BSQD05)
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Article History
Received: 29 July 2025
Accepted: 10 November 2025
First Online: 24 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Henan Provincial People’s Hospital (Approval No. 2021 − 209). Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with national legislation and institutional requirements. The study adhered strictly to the ethical guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, ensuring participant anonymity and data confidentiality.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
