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Article History

Received: 2 June 2025

Accepted: 11 November 2025

First Online: 23 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Prior to data collection, ethical approval was obtained from the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of West China Hospital, Sichuan University (Approval No. 2024〔2661〕), along with written authorization from relevant institutional authorities. All participants were fully informed about the objectives and procedures of the study and provided written informed consent before participation.

: All nursing interns who participated in the interviews provided written informed consent for the publication of their anonymized responses. No identifying personal information or images are included in this study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.