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Article History

Received: 8 March 2025

Accepted: 13 November 2025

First Online: 22 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, which outlines ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the University of Bedfordshire Research Ethics Committee, Institute of Health, and Wellbeing (Reference: #2022/00204). The study did not involve NHS patients or clinical trials, and therefore approval from the Health Research Authority was not required in accordance with UK National Research Ethics Guidelines.

: All participants received an online participant information sheet that explained the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, data handling procedures, and their right to withdraw before submitting the survey. Electronic informed consent was obtained from every participant before they could access the questionnaire. Only participants who provided consent were able to proceed.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.