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Article History

Received: 11 July 2025

Accepted: 20 November 2025

First Online: 1 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau (Ref. #REC-2023.01). All participants were provided with the study’s purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits, and were asked to sign a written informed consent form before the interview.

: Not applicable. This study does not contain any person’s data in any form. All data are reported in an anonymized and aggregated manner. No direct quotes are presented, and any illustrative content has been paraphrased to ensure that individuals cannot be identified, either directly or indirectly.

: The research team comprised three qualitative researchers with nursing profession backgrounds: two (LQ and JX) were Master of Nursing candidates, and the study formed part of one candidate’s degree requirements. The third member (AM), an experienced PhD-qualified researcher, supervised the MN students. Oversight was provided by the MN program committee to ensure academic rigor and adherence to ethical standards. All three researchers were women.

: The authors declare no competing interests.