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Authors
Iddrisu, Mahadi
Sisala, Iddrisu Mohammed
Ibrahim, Mudasir Mohammed
Wuni, Abubakari
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Article History
Received: 1 November 2025
Accepted: 9 December 2025
First Online: 12 December 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the Committee on Human Research, Publication, and Ethics of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (Reference: CHRPE/AP/163/25). Additional permission to conduct the study was granted by the Department of Research and Development at Tamale Teaching Hospital. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection, and confidentiality was assured throughout the study. All procedures followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki to ensure the protection of participants’ rights, data integrity, and confidentiality.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
