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Authors
Che, Xinyan
Meng, Yisen
Pang, Dong
Song, Han
Han, Jianing
Zhang, Jianfeng
Yu, Shuhui
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Clinical Research Program for Researching Hospital Wards (BRWEP2024W054070103)
Peking University First Hospital Nursing Discipline Development Fund (2024PI002)
National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (2024SF63)
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Article History
Received: 21 April 2025
Accepted: 11 December 2025
First Online: 23 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Peking University First Hospital (Approval Number: 2024 − 398). All participants provided verbal or written informed consent. Participants retained the right to withdraw from the study at any time prior to data analysis. All participant-related data were stored confidentially and accessible only to the research team members. Clinical trial number: not applicable. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles laid out in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
