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Article History

Received: 13 August 2025

Accepted: 12 December 2025

First Online: 22 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The study received approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the School of lifelong Education, Henan Institute of Economics and Trade, Zhengzhou 450000, China on September 09, 2024 (Approval ID: HI10HIET029-Z). Researchers followed international ethical standards, including the Nuremberg Code and the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki, ensuring the privacy and security of participant data. The research materials and procedures were independently reviewed and approved by the ethical committee for Research of the affiliated school. Confirming their alignment with these ethical principles.

: before data collection commenced in Oct, 2024, was obtained from all participating. Participants were informed that their involvement was voluntary and that they could withdraw from the study at any time. The questionnaire also included a statement clarifying that the collected data would be used only for research purposes. Participants were assured that their anonymity and confidentiality would be strictly maintained, with no personally identifiable information collected. The consent covered their participation in the study, the use of the collected data for research purposes, and permission to publish aggregated findings. All data were de-identified during the collection and processing stages to ensure it was used only for research analysis. The study posed no risks to the participants as it did not involve any interventions.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.