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Article History

Received: 10 October 2024

Accepted: 30 December 2025

First Online: 5 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Central South University (approval No. E2023110). All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Before data collection, all eligible nurses were informed about the purpose and procedures of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, their right to withdraw at any time without penalty, and the measures taken to ensure anonymity and confidentiality. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to questionnaire completion.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.