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Article History

Received: 24 June 2024

Accepted: 14 January 2026

First Online: 4 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Tianjin People’s Hospital (access number: 20240409C07). Before participation, all participants were presented with the study information online. Electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their enrollment in the study. Participants were asked to complete the online questionnaires independently and anonymously.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.